Adolescent youths experience a wide range of changes that can be categorized into physical, emotional, social, and cognitive developments:

Physical Changes:

• The onset of puberty brings about significant growth spurts and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
• Hormonal changes can lead to increased oil production in the skin, resulting in acne.
• Changes in body composition, with differences in muscle and fat distribution.

Emotional Changes:

• Adolescents develop a deeper capacity for complex emotions and empathy.
• They begin to seek emotional independence from parents and other adults.
• Mood swings are common due to hormonal changes and new emotional experiences.

Social Changes:

• Peer relationships become increasingly important, often influencing behaviour and self-esteem.
• Adolescents start to form their own identity, which includes exploring different social roles and norms.
• They may face new challenges, such as peer pressure, bullying, and navigating romantic relationships.

Cognitive Changes:

• There is a significant increase in abstract thinking abilities, allowing for better problem-solving and planning.
• Adolescents start to think more about moral, ethical, and societal issues.
• They may challenge authority and societal norms as they develop their values and beliefs.

These changes are a natural part of growing up and can vary widely from one individual to another. Adolescents need to have support and guidance as they navigate these changes. Parents and caregivers can help by talking openly about these topics, being supportive, and providing a safe environment for adolescents to express themselves and grow.